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Hydrogen Production from Natural Gas
Natural gas, which contains methane (CH4), can be used to produce hydrogen through two main thermal processes: steam methane reforming (SMR) and partial oxidation (POX).
Steam Methane Reforming (SMR):
In this well-established process, natural gas reacts with high-temperature steam (700°C-1,000°C) under pressure (3-25 bar) in the presence of a catalyst. The reaction produces hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and small amounts of carbon dioxide. As this process is endothermic, heat is needed for the reaction to proceed.
Main Reaction:
CH4+H2O(+heat)→CO+3H2
Next, the carbon monoxide (CO) reacts with more steam in the water-gas shift reaction, which produces additional hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
Water-Gas Shift Reaction:
CO+H2O→CO2+H2(+small heat)
Finally, impurities like carbon dioxide are removed through pressure swing adsorption, leaving pure hydrogen. This process can also be used to generate hydrogen from fuels like ethanol or propane.
Partial Oxidation (POX):
In this exothermic process (releases heat), natural gas reacts with a limited amount of oxygen, resulting in hydrogen and carbon monoxide rather than complete combustion products. This process is faster and requires smaller reactors than SMR but produces slightly less hydrogen per unit of fuel.
Partial Oxidation Reaction:
CH4+1/2O2→CO+2H2(+heat)
The carbon monoxide then undergoes the water-gas shift reaction to generate more hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
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